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This is a timeline of Amazon history, which dates back at least 11,000 years ago, when humans left indications of their presence in Caverna da Pedra Pintada.〔Wilford, John Noble. (Scientist at Work: Anna C. Roosevelt; Sharp and To the Point In Amazonia. ) ''New York Times.'' April 23, 1996〕〔Roosevelt ''et al.'', 1996〕 Here is a brief timeline of historical events in the Amazon River valley. ==Current era== * 1000: Island of Marajó flourishes as an Amazonian ceramic center * 1494: Europeans create the Treaty of Tordesillas divides Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories. South America falls almost entirely to Spain. The line runs N-S some 100 km E of Belém, Brazil. * 1498: Christopher Columbus enters the Orinoco River estuary in present day Venezuela * 1500: Vicente Yáñez Pinzón sails into the Amazon estuary. * 1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral, en route to the Orient, discovers Brazil, landing in Bahia. * 1541–1542 – First descent of the Amazon by Francisco de Orellana (1501–1550) from Quito, Ecuador, via the Rio Napo to the Atlantic Ocean. He fights Indian women he calls "Amazons." The name sticks to the river. Expedition chronicled by friar Gaspar de Carvajal. * 1560–1561 – Second descent of the Amazon, this time by the conquistador Lope de Aguirre. * 1570–1600 – Jesuit missions are widely established in the Amazon. Indians relocated and "protected." * 1595 – Sir Walter Raleigh leads expedition to colonize the Orinoco River for the English. In 1616, he settles for Trinidad. * 1616 – Founding of Santa Maria do Grão Pará de Belém, Brazil, to mark Portuguese presence. The French, English, and even Irish try to colonize the region. * 1637–1639 – Pedro Teixeira leads the first European expedition up the Amazon from Belém to Quito, arriving unexpected. * 1726 – Francisco Xavier de Moraes, ascending the Rio Negro, discovers the Casiquiare canal to the Orinoco. * 1736 – Charles Marie de La Condamine sends first rubber sample to Europe from his Amazon expedition. * 1750 – Treaty of Madrid fixes boundaries between the Spanish and Portuguese empires in South America. Portuguese possession of areas west of the Tordesillas line is recognized, based on occupation. * 1759 – Jesuits are expelled from Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. Indians left without protection. * 1799 – Alexander von Humboldt explores the Orinoco and proves the link via the Casiquiare canal to the Rio Negro. Humboldt refused permission to enter Brazil. * 1808–1825 – Spanish rule in South America ends with revolutions led by Simón Bolívar of Venezuela, San Martín of Argentina, and O'Higgins of Chile. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil escaping the Napoleon's invasion of Portugal. * 1818–1820 – Spix and Martius on expedition in the Amazon. * 1822 – Brazil proclaims its independence under Dom Pedro I of Brazil. * 1823 – Charles Macintosh invents waterproof rubber cape. (Amazon Indians, users of rubber waterproof bags for centuries, get no credit.) * 1826–1828 – Baron von Langsdorff on expedition from Cuiabá to Belém, arriving with sanity impaired. * 1826–1828 – Cabanagem revolt in Belém and Manaus, with 40,000 fatalities. * 1839 – Charles Goodyear invents vulcanization of rubber which becomes an important component of the Industrial Revolution. * 1839–1842 – Brothers Robert and Richard Schomburgk on expedition in northern Brazil. * 1842 – Prince Adalbert of Prussia and Count von Bismarck on the Xingu River. * 1846 – François Louis de la Porte, comte de Castelnau on the Araguaia and Tocantins Rivers. * 1848–1859 – Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace in the Amazon. (Wallace leaves in 1852.) * 1849–1864 – Spruce, of cinchona fame, in the Amazon. He gets the quinine tree seeds in 1860. * 1850 – Manaus is new capital of Amazonas province. * 1850–1915 – Rubber boom sucks tens of thousands of immigrants into the Amazon, mostly from the drought-stricken northeast of Brazil. Read the book ''White Gold'' to get the story from the rubber-tapper's point of view. Another good volume is ''Jungle'' by Ferreira de Castro. * 1851–1852 – Lieutenant William Lewis Herndon (U.S. Navy) on the Amazon to Belém. * 1851–1852 – Lieutenant Lardner Gibbon (U.S. Navy) also on the Amazon. * 1858 – Peru gains rights to navigation on the Amazon River. * 1865–1866 – Biologist Alexander Agassiz and geologist Charles Hartt on expedition in the Amazon. * 1866 – Founding of the Goeldi Museum of Natural History in Belém by Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna and others. Agassiz had given stimulus to this when he was in the Amazon. * 1867 – Amazon River opened to international shipping. * 1867 – Confederate expatriates settle in Santarém, after U.S. Civil War. * 1876 – Henry Wickham takes some 70,000 rubber tree seeds to Kew Gardens in England. * 1888 – Dunlop invents the rubber tube tire. * 1895 – International arbitration forces Venezuela to cede large area still disputed with Guyana. * 1895–1899 – Henri Coudreau and Octavie Coudreau explore Amazon waterways of Pará. * 1897 – Manaus' Teatro Amazonas (opera house) opens. Rubber booming. * 1899–1903 – Acre proclaims itself independent of Bolivia. In 1901, Bolivia cedes rights to Acre to New York rubber syndicate. In 1903, Acre becomes Brazilian by the Treaty of Petrópolis, in which Bolivia is promised a railroad link to the Madeira River at Porto Velho. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of Amazon history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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